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NANOTECHNOLOGIES
AND NANOMEDICINE
Đ. Koruga
Molecular Machines Research Center, Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Keywords:
C60; Fullerene; Nanotechnology; Nanomedicine |
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Nanotechnology
is a new scientific and engineering discipline of study, design
and building materials and devices whose structures and components
exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical and
biological properties, phenomena and processes to nanometer scale
(10-9 m)1. In short history of nanotechnology the main events were:
(1) in 1959, Nobel Prize physicist Richard Feyman pondered the physical
limits of machinery2 as we might build it, (2) the invention of
the scanning tunneling microscope (STM)3 by Gerd Binning and Heinrich
Rohrer at IBM's Zurich Research Labs in 1981. (3) in 1985 and 1991,
discovering fullerenes4 and carbon nanotubes5 as nanomaterials by
Kroto and Iijima research teams respectively, (4) Lee research team
invented a bandgap modulation of carbon nanotubes by encapsulated
metallofullerenes in 20016, (5) Iijima built logic gates and memory
cells based on endohedrall C60/nanotube electromechanical transistors
in 20007, (6) Wang research team present experimental evidences
of violations of the second law of thermodynamics for nanosystems
and short time scales in 20028.
Nanomedicine has been defined as an application of nano-scale scientific
knowledge and technologies to the practice of medicine9. The creation
of nanodevices such as nanosensors, nanochips and nanorobots capable
to performe diagnostic and therapeutic functions in vivo is a destination
within the emerging field of nanomedecine. However, a new scientific
knowledge based on nanotechnology gave us a new biophysical approach
in biomedicine. Nanotechnology opens not only the question of violation
of the second law of thermodynamics, but both what is photon and
speed of light for nanosystems in short time scales. Based on this
new knowledge we have considered two phenomena: (1) photon entanglement
between molecular crystal of C60 and clathrin, and (2) biophysical
mechanism of taxol influence on microtubules.
In the first case, the preliminary experiments have been done to
influence of sunlight and polarization light (Zepter BIOPTRON lamp)
on human brains trough eyes.10 Brain activity (EEG) has been identified
before any influence of light (closed eyes), and after the influence
of three minutes of sunlight and polarization light in, with and
without thin film of C60. We have found a big difference between
EEG signals, what can be explain as a influence of harmonized light
when it transmitted trough thin film of C60. Our consideration led
us to explanation that during light transmission trough thin films
of C60 (harmonization photon angular momentum by golden mean law)
simultaneously produces harmonization of energy states of clathrins
on synapses. Bearing in mind that clathrin and C60 are two quantum
systems, with identical symmetry properties, they are produced entanglement
(the state in which two quantum systems in indeterminate states
are linked so that measuring or manipulating one system instantaneously
manipulates the second11). Photon angular momentum interacted on
nanometar scale with C60 angular momentum (C60 is a nanometer in
diameter with both angular rotation of 3x1010 s-1 in crystal state
and structural-energy properties by golden mean law) and in symmetry
identical quantum system, chlatrin, produced entangled quantum states.
Since neurotransmitters are storage in clathrin cages and their
rhythm of open-close has influence on synaptic activities and EEG
signals. We belive that entanglement and clock synchronization of
two quantum systems, can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic
methods in neuromedicine, including brain cancer.
In the second case we considered the mechanism of taxol influence
on microtubules during cell division. In order to understand that
mechanism we have developed molecular nanotechnology analytical
methods to investigate it.10 Tubulin-microtubule system has been
considered a nanosystem from structural, energy and information
points of view. Energy states of a-b tubulin subunits we consider
as deterministic chaotic crystal which determinate state of packing
of tubulin subunits into microtubules. Taxol change energy state
of a-b tubulin subunits in spindle microtubules and reorganized
them from active energy-information packing form, 13 (8,5), to passive
one,13 (13,0). From functional point of view passive form of microtubules
is frozen state, what is known as "microtubule stabilization". Unfunctionality
of microtubules stop cell division and taxol has been used as the
breast cancer drug since 1994. It is possible to develop a new device
for cell division programming, based on biophysical mechanism of
taxol influence on helical organization of microtubules. However,
nanosystem approach of microtubules led us to a deep understanding
of photon itself, existence of photon's gravitational field (Rama
mass) and photon helical travel phenomena. Diameter of microtubules
of 30 nm, with 13 helical protofilaments, and microtubule-MAP structural-wave
length of 96 nm classify microtubules as a perfect gravity-electromagnetic
biological nanodevices. Zero charge of photon, polarization of light,
superluminal signals, light interference and diffraction of light
are all explainable in a simple way if light travel by screw symmetry
law.
Nanotechnology as a new scientific and engineering paradigm will
have significant role in future civilization development. Some possible
applications are considered.10,12,13
REFERENCES
1. Koruga,D.,Hameroff,S., Withers,J., Lotfy,R.,
and Sundarateshan,M.: Fullerene C60 : History, Physics, Nanobiology,
Nanotechnology, North-Holland, Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo,1993.
2. Feynman, R., "There is plenty of room at the Bottom", in Crandall,B.C.
and Lewis,J., eds., Nanotechnology: Research and Perspectives, MIT
Press, Cambridge, 1992.
3. Binnig,G., Rohrer,H., and Wibel,E., Surface studies by scanning
tunneling microscopy, Physical Review Letters,49:p57-61,1982.
4. Kroto,H.W., Heath,J.R., O'Brien,S.C.O.,Curl,R.F. and Smalley,R.E.
C60: Buckministerfullerene, Nature 318;162-163,1985.
5. Iijima, S., Helical microtubules of graphic carbon, Nature 354:
56-58,1991.
6. Lee,J., Kim,H.,Kahung,S.-J.,Kim,G.,Ihm,J.,Kato,H.,Wang, Z.W.,Okayaki,T,.Shinohara,H.,and
Kuk, Y. Bandgap modulation of carbon nanotubes by encapsulated metallofullerenes,
Nature 415:1005-1008,2002.
7. Kwon,Y-K., Tomanek,D., and Iijima,S., Synthesis and modeling
of a nanotube-based memory devices, J. Materials Research, 13, 2363-2367,1998.
8. Wang, G.M., Sevick,E,M., Mittag,E., Searles,J.D., and Evans,J.D.:
Experimental demonstration of violations of the second law of thermodynamics
for small systems an short time scales, Physical Review Letters
29: 596-601, 2002.
9. National Nanotechnology Initiative 2000: Leading to the Next
Industrial Revolution, National Science and Technology Council,
Washington DC,USA,2000. (http:www.nano.gov) 10. Koruga, D.: Biomedicinski
aspekti interakcije elektromagnetizam-gravitacija na ljudski organizam,
A-140/01/1, Savezni zavod za intelektualnu svojinu , Beograd, 2001.
11. Mair, A., Vaziri,A., Weihs,G., and Zeillnger,A,. Entanglement
of the orbital angular momentum states of photons, Nature 412:313-316,2001.
12. Dekker, C., Carbon Nanotubes as Molecular Quantum Wires, Physics
Today, 22-28, May 1999.
13. Compano, R., Trends in nanoelectronics, Nanotechnology 12:85-88,2001.
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